Caste, Community and Nation; Regional, religious and linguistic identities; Assertions of caste identity: Sanskritizing and anti-Brahmanical trends; Regional Variations; Economy and Social Classes; Economic critique of Colonial Rule; Rise of modern industry: emergence of capitalist and working Class; Famines and their impact; Early Nationalism; Emergence of Congress; Moderates and Extremists; Swadeshi and Revolutionary Movements; Emergence and Social Base of Gandhian Nationalism; Intellectual foundations of Gandhian Nationalism; Rowlatt, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements; Civil Disobedience Movement; Quit India Movement; Other Currents in Nationalism; Ambedkar and the Dalit Movement; Singh Sabha and the Akali Movement; Left movements: peasants and Workers; Tribal Movements; Communalism: Ideologies and Practices; Trends in Communalism; World War II and the Post-War Crisis; Partition; Independence and the Emergence of a New State; Negotiations for Independence; The Making of the Constitution; Integration of Princely States; Land Reforms and the beginning of Planning.